7 Types of Conflict in Literature: A Writer's Guide

In literature, conflict is any struggle between opposing forces that characters must overcome to achieve their goal. It can be an external conflict or a ‘real world’ obstacle (as in "person vs. society," "person vs. nature, person vs. technology, and "person vs. supernatural"), or an internal conflict where our heroes must confront some inner turmoil before getting what they want or need (like "person vs. self").

Internal and external conflicts are often intertwined and appear within specific types of conflict. In this post, we'll break these down and provide examples from popular fiction.

The seven most common types of conflict in literature are:

1. Man vs. Man
2. Man vs. Society
3. Man vs. Nature
4. Man vs. Technology
5. Man vs. Supernatural
6. Man vs. Fate
7. Man vs. Self

What is conflict in literature?

In most stories, characters have goals they want to achieve. If they reach them quickly and easily, the story would be over in just a few pages. Conflict is what stands in their way, making the narrative compelling. Will Joe win Jane’s heart? Will Mike find justice after being wrongly imprisoned for murder? There should be challenges along the way.

For Joe, conflict could mean facing a rival suitor, battling his own insecurities, or earning the trust of Jane’s wounded heart. For Mike, the obstacles may be a corrupt legal system, dangerous enemies behind bars, or his struggle to maintain hope and integrity as he awaits the court's decision.

Author Tom Bromley, the instructor of Reedsy’s How To Write a Novel course sees conflict as the creator of dramatic tension that compels the reader to read on. “They want to see the outcome of that conflict resolved, and the ultimate resolution (hopefully) brings a satisfying end to the story."

All types of literary conflict can be grouped into two main categories: internal and external conflict.

Internal and external conflict in narrative

Most narrative conflicts you'll encounter are external. For example, a protagonist might battle their rival, endure a harsh environment, or survive a zombie apocalypse. Internal conflict, on the other hand, revolves around the struggles within their mind — for example, grappling with a moral dilemma, making a life-altering decision, or facing a personal fear. 

A compelling story needs both internal and external conflict. Take Frodo in The Lord of the Rings, for example: he certainly faces external dangers like the Nazgûl, the Mines of Moria, and Boromir’s corrupted intentions. Just as importantly, the hobbit also struggles to stay true to himself and do what is right. Similarly, in her memoir, Wild, Cheryl Strayed embarks on an arduous trek along the Pacific Crest Trail where she struggles with her oversized backpack, thirst, and brutal storms. But these are more than physical challenges — they mirror her internal struggle to redeem her turbulent past filled with loss, infidelity, and addiction. 

In both stories, and more broadly in narrative, the external conflicts serve to highlight, deepen, and bring clarity to the characters' internal battles. So let’s look at the main types of conflict you’ll find in literature.

The 7 main types of conflict in literature

1. Man vs. Man

Pesky people: they cause trouble wherever they go! That’s the crux of this type of external conflict, which you’ll find in many, if not most, stories. "Man versus man" can mean both black-and-white struggles (cops vs. robber, hero vs. villain, etc.), but it can also cover subtler kinds of personal confrontations: romantic entanglements and familial disputes, for example. 

Man vs. man conflict is commonly rendered as the traditional “protagonist vs. antagonist” setup, where these two central characters will usually have diametrically opposing goals. For example, the protagonist might be a cat burglar looking to steal a priceless painting, while the antagonist – a corrupt gallery owner — wants nothing more than to stop them.

To learn more, read our full guide on man vs. man here.

Example of man vs. man conflict

The Great Gatsby: Self-made millionaire Jay Gatsby wants nothing more than to win over his childhood crush, Daisy Buchanan. Standing in the way of Gatsby’s goal is Daisy’s husband, Tom Buchanan, an old-money cad with a mile-wide mean streak. 

2. Man vs. Society

Particularly prevalent in fiction these days, this type of external struggle pits the individual against the collective. In this case, “the collective” might take the form of something like: 

• an oppressive government, 
• adults (as seen from a teenager’s perspective), or
• systemic corruption.

In this type of conflict, society will put pressure on our character to change and fall neatly into order. On the other hand, our protagonist will resist this change and, in extreme cases, will try to bend society to fit their vision. Like the story of David and Goliath, our hero faces an uphill battle, but the reader holds out hope that ‘the little guy’ can overcome a seemingly impossible challenge.

To learn more, read our full guide on man vs. society here.

Examples of man vs. society conflict

The Hate U Give: When her friend is shot dead by a cop, African American teenager Starr seeks justice, but finds herself up against a system of structural racism that stretches from the police and media, all the way to her private school and internalized racism.

The Devil Wears Prada: Idealistic university graduate Andrea “Andy” Sachs moves to New York and soon lands a highly coveted position as the junior assistant to Miranda Priestly, the tyrannical editor of a fashion magazine. A fish out of water, Andy enters into a world that directly conflicts with her principles but finds herself compelled to conform to the cut-throat world of fashion journalism in order to fast-track her career.

3. Man vs. Nature

How do you fancy your chances in a fight against Mother Earth? In this type of conflict, that is exactly what our protagonists are facing. Whether it’s wildlife (Jaws), natural disasters (The Day After Tomorrow), the weather (The Perfect Storm), or a post-apocalyptic landscape (The Road), the antagonists in this type of conflict cannot be reasoned with. 

Stories that feature a “man vs. nature” conflict will usually center on a character’s survival. In the absence of a human antagonist, our heroes will often discover that “man vs. self” conflict (something we will touch on later) is at the heart of their narrative arc.

To learn more, read our full guide on man vs. nature here.

Example of man vs. nature conflict

The Martian: Stranded on the Red Planet, astronaut Mark Watney must overcome its unforgiving environment and survive long enough to be rescued. Using his resourcefulness, he must overcome the obstacles that Mars presents by growing food and find a way to communicate with Earth.

4. Man vs. Technology

Since the dawn of the industrial age, humanity has had a turbulent relationship with technology. Some see scientific progress as a defiance of God and the natural, while others have used it to question the limits of our morality, patience, and greed. While the idea of ‘man vs. technology’ might summon up the image of a Terminator-like robot apocalypse, this type of conflict could also be as modest as someone struggling to teach their Grandma Millie how to use emojis!

To learn more, read our full guide on man vs. technology here.

Examples of man vs. technology conflict

Frankenstein: A scientist brings to life a creature made out of spare human parts. This ‘monster’ quickly becomes sentient and exceeds his creator’s wildest expectations, leading to Dr. Frankenstein’s demise on the tundra. Subtitling her book “The Modern Prometheus,” Mary Shelly likened her hero to the mythic Greek figure who stole fire from Zeus, putting a fine point on the idea of humans daring to play God.

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?: In the distant future of 1999, bounty hunter Rick Deckard is given the task of retiring (read: killing) a group of androids recently escaped from a Mars colony. The only problem? These synthetic creatures are practically indistinguishable from real people. When Deckard falls for one of these androids, he begins to question the very nature of humanity.

5. Man vs. Supernatural

When your hero finds themselves up against something that cannot be explained by logic or science, they are probably in conflict with supernatural forces! While some writers employ this type of conflict to tell rip-roaring tales, supernatural stories can also explore human fears and inexplicable everyday events.

In practice, man vs supernatural conflicts will often see the protagonist face off against the forces of fate, religion, ghosts, gods, demons or aliens.

To learn more, read our full guide on man vs. supernatural here.

Examples of man vs. supernatural conflict

Ghostbusters: Three disgraced scientists (and a guy they find on Craigslist) set up shop as supernatural pest controllers, ridding New York of hungry ghosts and spectral librarians. But when a Sumerian god arrives looking to enslave the world, our four heroes must answer the age-old question: does bustin’ make them feel good?

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: A doctor in Victorian London creates a serum that causes him to become his evil alter-ego, Edward Hyde. Inspired by the real-life case of Deacon Brodie, an upstanding Edinburgh citizen by day and burglar by night, author Robert Louis Stevenson uses this supernatural tale to depict one man’s struggle against his inner demons.

A fight against the supernatural might require detailed worldbuilding, which you can learn all about it in our ultimate guide below.

6. Man vs. Fate

Similar to “man vs. supernatural,” this conflict deserves its own entry — if only for its historical significance. “Man vs. fate” can include dealings with God or the gods and their prophecies — where our protagonists desperately try to assert their free will. This is a common trope in Greek tragedies, where the characters can do nothing but endure the destinies befallen to them.

To learn more, read our full guide on man vs. fate here.

Examples of man vs. fate conflict

Macbeth: In Shakespeare’s “Scottish play,” the Thane of Glamis receives a prophecy from three witches that foretells his rise to the throne of Scotland. However, the witches also reveal that his buddy Banquo will father a line of kings — which gets Macbeth more than a little worried. In his fight against this fate, Macbeth takes extreme measures that prove to be his undoing. 

Oedipus Rex: Boy meets oracle. Oracle tells boy he will marry his mother and kill his father. In an effort to defy the prophecy, boy kills a stranger (who turns out to be his birth father) and marries a woman (who turns out to be his birth mother). Boy plucks his eyes out in a fit of frustration. It’s a tale as old as time.

If these stories teach us anything, it’s that tragedies are almost always self-inflicted!

Until now, these types of conflicts have seen our heroes deal with external forces. For our final entry on this list, let’s look at what is perhaps the most important conflict of all.

7. Man vs. Self

Writer Maxwell Anderson once said that “the story must be a conflict, and specifically, a conflict between the forces of good and evil within a single person”. Though that might be an oversimplification, every interesting story will indeed, at some point, involve a character’s inner dilemma. That’s because, as James N. Frey points out in How To Write A Damn Good Novel, a reader experiences the most empathy for a character when that character is in the middle of some intense inner strife.

Internal strife will stem from a debate that occurs within a character. It might originate from any combination of the character’s expectations, desires, duties, and fears. To get what they want, they must make a choice that threatens to change the very fabric of who they are.

To learn more, read our full guide on man vs. self here.

Example of man vs. self conflict

The Hunger Games: Kind-hearted teen Katniss Everdeen is drafted as a contestant in a deadly reality show staged by a totalitarian government. As per the rules of the game, in the end, there can be only one — to survive, it seems that Katniss must overcome her reluctance to kill. Will she stick by her principles, even if it ultimately results in her death?

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Now that we've seen the different forms conflict can take in a story, let's dive deeper, starting with one of the oldest conflicts in literature: man vs. man.